Brexit ended automatic UK protection for EU trademarks. Businesses now need separate UK and EUTM registrations to cover both markets.
What Changed on 1 January 2021
UK left European Union trademark system. EU trademarks (EUTMs) no longer cover United Kingdom. UK Intellectual Property Office (UKIPO) and EUIPO now operate independently. UK trademarks don't cover EU, EU trademarks don't cover UK. Businesses need dual filing strategy for full European coverage.
Automatic Cloning of Existing EUTMs
All EUTMs registered before 1 January 2021 automatically received equivalent UK trademark at no cost. Cloned UK marks retain original EUTM priority date. Same classes, same goods/services, same proprietor. Both EUTM and UK mark now exist independently - changes to one don't affect the other. No action required by trademark owner for automatic cloning.
What Was Cloned
Registered EUTMs: Cloned automatically to UK register. Pending EUTM applications: Not cloned - must file separate UK application. EUTM renewals after Brexit: Renewing EUTM does NOT renew UK clone - separate renewal needed. Assignments/licences: Changes made to EUTM after 1 January 2021 must be recorded separately on UK register.
The Great Re-Filing: 2021-2023
Businesses with pending EUTM applications on 31 December 2020 had 9-month window to file equivalent UK application retaining original priority date. Fee: £170 (one class), £50 each additional class. Deadline was 30 September 2021. After deadline: Must file fresh UK application with new priority date, risking intervening conflicting marks.
Missed the 2021 Deadline? You lost priority date advantage. File UK trademark now with current date. Risk: Someone may have filed identical/similar mark in UK between your EUTM filing date and today. Search UKIPO register before assuming you can still secure UK rights.
Current Filing Strategy: Dual Protection
File EUTM for 27 EU member states: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden. Cost: €850 base (one class).
File UK Trademark Separately
Covers United Kingdom (England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland). Cost: £170 online (one class), £50 per additional class. Cannot rely on EUTM for UK protection. Total cost for UK + EU coverage: ~£900 (€850 EUTM + £170 UK TM).
Irish Border Complication
Northern Ireland: Covered by UK trademark only (not EUTM). Republic of Ireland: Covered by EUTM (EU member state). Businesses operating across Irish border need both UK TM and EUTM. All-island Irish brands particularly affected - must maintain two separate registrations for island of ~7 million people.
Madrid Protocol Complications
International trademark registrations designating "European Union" no longer cover UK. Must file separate Madrid designation for United Kingdom. UK now separate jurisdiction in Madrid system. Cost: CHF 1,164 (~£1,050) to add UK designation to existing international registration. For new international applications: Designate both EU and UK separately from start.
Using UK as Madrid Base
Can use UK trademark as base for Madrid Protocol international registration. Alternatively, use EUTM as base. Strategic consideration: If business primarily UK-focused with EU expansion plans, use UK base. If EU-focused with UK secondary, use EUTM base. Base application must be registered (not just applied) before filing Madrid application in most cases.
Enforcement Differences Post-Brexit
EUTM enforcement: One EU court decision applies across 27 member states. No longer affects UK. UK trademark enforcement: Separate UK court proceedings required. UK court decisions don't bind EU courts. Costs: Businesses now potentially face dual litigation - defending in UK courts AND EU courts for pan-European protection. Estimate: £30,000-£100,000 UK litigation + €25,000-€90,000 EU litigation for same infringement.
Customs enforcement also split: Register UK trademark with UK Border Force separately from EUTM customs registration. Counterfeit goods may be stopped at EU border but enter UK, or vice versa.
Use Requirements Diverged
EUTM: Genuine use in any one EU member state sufficient to maintain registration. Can be used only in France - still valid for entire EU. UK trademark: Must show use in United Kingdom specifically. Use only in EU doesn't count for UK mark. Risk: Brand used extensively in EU but not UK could lose UK trademark for non-use after 5 years. Strategy: Ensure at least token genuine use in UK market to maintain UK registration.
Evidence of Use Post-Brexit
EUTM proceedings: UK sales data prior to 1 January 2021 counts as EU use. UK sales after 1 January 2021 don't count. UK trademark proceedings: EU sales don't count, only UK sales. Must provide UK-specific invoices, advertising, market presence. Maintain separate records of UK sales vs EU sales for trademark purposes.
Renewal Costs Doubled
Pre-Brexit: Renew one EUTM every 10 years covered UK + EU. Cost: €850. Post-Brexit: Renew EUTM (€850) AND UK trademark (£200) separately. Total: ~£950 every 10 years. Ongoing cost increase: 12% in GBP terms. Must track two separate renewal dates - EUTM and UK TM renewal dates likely different unless both filed simultaneously.
Opposition Proceedings Split
EUTM opposition: File at EUIPO, blocks EU registration only. Doesn't affect UK applications. UK opposition: File at UKIPO, blocks UK registration only. Competitors may now need to oppose in BOTH jurisdictions to fully block your mark. Cost to oppose: £200 UK + €320 EU = ~£520 total to oppose in both systems. Previously: €320 to oppose EUTM (covered UK automatically).
Strategic Opposition Timing
Monitor both UKIPO and EUIPO publications for conflicting applications. Opposition period: 2 months from publication (UK), 3 months (EUTM). May choose to oppose in only one jurisdiction if budget limited. Opposing in UK blocks UK market entry. Opposing in EUTM blocks 27 EU states. Prioritise based on where competitor likely to cause most damage.
Brexit Trade Mark Case Law Divergence
Pre-Brexit: UK courts followed European Court of Justice (ECJ) trademark jurisprudence. Post-Brexit: UK courts no longer bound by ECJ decisions. UK developing own trademark case law. Divergence emerging in: Likelihood of confusion assessments, bad faith determinations, genuine use standards, trademark/design overlap. Monitor both UK and EU case law - different standards may apply in each jurisdiction.
UK Supreme Court stated it will consider ECJ decisions but not bound by them. Expect gradual divergence over 5-10 years as UK courts develop independent approach to trademark disputes.
Parallel Imports and Exhaustion
EU exhaustion principle: Trademark rights exhausted when goods placed on EU market with consent. Doesn't apply to UK anymore. UK exhaustion: Goods placed on UK market exhaust UK trademark rights. Goods placed in EU with consent can still be blocked from UK import. Practical effect: Brand owners can potentially prevent parallel imports from EU to UK even if they authorised EU sale. Increases control but reduces price competition.
Domain Name Strategy Post-Brexit
.eu domains: Required EU presence (business/individual resident in EU-27). UK businesses no longer eligible unless have EU office. UK businesses lost .eu domains unless transferred to EU entity by 1 January 2021. .co.uk/.uk domains: UK only, unaffected by Brexit. Recommendation: UK businesses use .co.uk as primary. EU businesses use .eu or country TLD. Businesses operating both markets: Register both .co.uk and .eu.
Database Monitoring Doubled
Previously: Monitor EUTM applications via EUIPO database for conflicts. Post-Brexit: Must monitor BOTH UKIPO register AND EUIPO register. Trademark watch services: Costs increased 20-40% for dual monitoring. DIY monitoring: Check tmdn.org (EUIPO) and ipo.gov.uk/tmcase (UKIPO) monthly. Set up email alerts for both offices when available. Miss a conflicting application in either database = potential costly opposition or coexistence negotiation later.
Cost-Benefit Analysis: Who Needs Dual Coverage?
File both UK + EUTM if: Sell to customers in both UK and EU. Plan expansion to both markets. Significant brand value worth protecting broadly. Face competitive threats in both jurisdictions. File EUTM only if: EU-focused business, no UK customers, no UK expansion plans. Accept risk of losing UK market to competitors. File UK only if: UK-focused business, no EU customers/plans, smaller budget. Risk: Competitors can file your brand in EU and block future expansion.
The Expansion Trap: Many UK startups file UK trademark only to save money. After 2-3 years, attempt EU expansion and discover competitor has registered identical mark in EU. Forced to rebrand for EU market or pay €10,000-€50,000 to buy out EU trademark. File both early even if only operating in one market currently.
Northern Ireland Protocol Trademark Nuances
Northern Ireland remains aligned with some EU regulations for goods. EUTM doesn't automatically cover NI for trademark purposes. UK trademark covers NI. For goods moving from NI to Republic of Ireland: Complex rules around when EU trademark exhaustion applies. For goods moving from GB to NI: UK internal market but some EU rules apply. Trademark lawyers recommend: Secure both UK TM and EUTM regardless of NI Protocol complexity to ensure full coverage.
Practical Filing Workflow Post-Brexit
Step 1: Search both UKIPO and EUIPO databases for conflicts via Trademark Lens. Step 2: File UK trademark application first (faster, cheaper, gets priority date). Step 3: File EUTM application within 6 months claiming UK priority if desired. Step 4: Monitor both applications through examination. Step 5: Respond to objections in each jurisdiction separately. Step 6: Maintain records of use in UK separately from EU use. Step 7: Renew both marks independently every 10 years. Step 8: Enforce against infringers in UK vs EU separately.
Trademark Lens simultaneously searches UKIPO, EUIPO, and Companies House databases so you identify conflicts in both post-Brexit jurisdictions before filing applications.